ABSTRACT

We report on the results of a study using SenseCam, a "life-logging" technology in the form of a wearable camera, which aims to capture data about everyday life in order to support people's memory for past, personal events. We find evidence that SenseCam images do facilitate people's ability to connect to their past, but that images do this in different ways. We make a distinction between "remembering" the past, and "knowing" about it, and provide evidence that SenseCam images work differently over time in these capacities. We also compare the efficacy of user-captured images with automatically captured images and discuss the implications of these findings and others for how we conceive of and make claims about life-logging technologies.

	1	Eytan Adar , David Kargar , Lynn Andrea Stein, Haystack: per-user information environments, Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Information and knowledge management, p.413-422, November 02-06, 1999, Kansas City, Missouri, United States  [doi>10.1145/319950.323231]
	2	Gordon Bell, A personal digital store, Communications of the ACM, v.44 n.1, p.86-91, Jan. 2001 [doi>10.1145/357489.357513]
	3	Berry, E., Kapur, N., Williams, L., Hodges, S., Watson, P., Smyth, G., Srinivasan, J., Smith, R., Wilson, B. and Wood, K. (2006). The use of a wearable camera, SenseCam, as a pictorial diary to improve autobiographical memory in a patient with limbic encephalitis. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation.
	4	Brewer, W. (1988). Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering Reconsidered. New York: Cambridge University Press, 21--90.
	5	Bush, V. (1945). As we may think. Atlantic Monthly.
	6	Scott Carter , Jennifer Mankoff, When participants do the capturing: the role of media in diary studies, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, April 02-07, 2005, Portland, Oregon, USA  [doi>10.1145/1054972.1055098]
	7	Conway, M. (1990). Autobiographical memory. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
	8	Czerwinski, M. & Horvitz, E. (2002). Memory for daily computing events. Proc. HCI 2002, 230--245.
	9	Susan Dumais , Edward Cutrell , JJ Cadiz , Gavin Jancke , Raman Sarin , Daniel C. Robbins, Stuff I've seen: a system for personal information retrieval and re-use, Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval, July 28-August 01, 2003, Toronto, Canada [doi>10.1145/860435.860451]
	10	Nathan Eagle , Alex (Sandy) Pentland, Reality mining: sensing complex social systems, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, v.10 n.4, p.255-268, March 2006  [doi>10.1007/s00779-005-0046-3]
	11	Eldridge, M., Lamming, M. & Flynn, M. (1991). Does a video diary help recall? EuroPARC Technical Rep. No. EPC-1991-124.
	12	Fitzgibbon, A. and Reiter, E. (2004). Memories for life: Managing information over a human lifetime. In T. Hoare & R. Milner (Eds.), Grand Challenges in Computing Research, (13--16). Swindon: British Computing Society.
	13	Eric Freeman , David Gelernter, Lifestreams: a storage model for personal data, ACM SIGMOD Record, v.25 n.1, p.80-86, March 1996  [doi>10.1145/381854.381893]
	14	Gardiner, J.M. & Richardson--Klavehn, A. (2000). Remembering and knowing. In E. Tulving & F. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Memory, (229--244). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
	15	Jim Gemmell , Gordon Bell , Roger Lueder, MyLifeBits: a personal database for everything, Communications of the ACM, v.49 n.1, p.88-95, January 2006  [doi>10.1145/1107458.1107460]
	16	Green, D. & Swets, J. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
	17	Tetsuro Hori , Kiyoharu Aizawa, Context-based video retrieval system for the life-log applications, Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGMM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval, November 07-07, 2003, Berkeley, California  [doi>10.1145/973264.973270]
	18	Hodges, S., Williams, L., Berry, E., Izadi, S., Srinivasan, J., Butler, A., Smyth, G., Kapur, N., and Wood, K. (2006). SenseCam: A retrospective memory aid. Proc. Ubicomp 2006.
	19	La Marca, A., Hightower, J., Smith, I., Scott, S., Sohn, T., Howard, J., Hughes, J., Potter, F., Tabert, J., Powledge, P., Borriello G., & Schilit, B. (2005). Place Lab: Device positioning using radio beacons in the wild. Proc. Pervasive 2005.
	20	Lamming, M., Brown, P., Carter, K., Eldridge, M., Flynn, M., Louie, G., Robinson, P., & Sellen, A. (1994). The design of a human memory prosthesis. Computer Journal, 37(3), 153--163.
	21	Lifeblog (Nokia). http://www.nokia.co.uk/nokia/0,,71739,00.html
	22	Lifelog (DARPA). http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/lifelog/index.htm
	23	Linton, M. (1978). Real world memory after six years. In M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds), Practical Aspects of Memory. London: Academic Press.
	24	Mann, M., Fung, J., Aimone, C., Sehgal, A. & Chen, D. (2005). Designing EyeTap digital eyeglasses for continuous lifelong capture and sharing of personal experiences. Alt.Chi, Proc. CHI 2005.
	25	PlaceLab (MIT). http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/placelab.html
	26	Carsten Rother , Lucas Bordeaux , Youssef Hamadi , Andrew Blake, AutoCollage, ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, July 30-August 03, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts
	27	Schilit, B., Adams, I., & Want, R. (1994). Context-aware computing applications. Proc. of the Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 85--90.
	28	Slamecka, N. & Graf, P. (1978). The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem., 4, 592--604.
	29	Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W. (1972). Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.
	30	Vermuri, S., Schmandt, C., Bender, W., Tellex, S., & Lassey, B. (2004). An audio-based personal memory aid. Proc. Ubicomp 2004, 400--417.
	31	Wagenaar, W. (1986). My memory: A study of autobiographical memory after six years. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 225--252.
	32	Roy Want , Andy Hopper , Veronica Falcão , Jonathan Gibbons, The active badge location system, ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), v.10 n.1, p.91-102, Jan. 1992  [doi>10.1145/128756.128759]

CITED BY  7

	Ivan Poupyrev , Haruo Oba , Takuo Ikeda , Eriko Iwabuchi, Designing embodied interfaces for casual sound recording devices, CHI '08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, April 05-10, 2008, Florence, Italy
	Seunghwan Lee , Geehyuk Lee , Hojin Kim, Ubigraphy: a third-person viewpoint life log, CHI '08 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, April 05-10, 2008, Florence, Italy
	Vaiva Kalnikaité , Steve Whittaker, Software or wetware?: discovering when and why people use digital prosthetic memory, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, April 28-May 03, 2007, San Jose, California, USA
	Matthew L. Lee , Anind K. Dey, Providing good memory cues for people with episodic memory impairment, Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, October 15-17, 2007, Tempe, Arizona, USA
	Daniela Petrelli , Steve Whittaker , Jens Brockmeier, AutoTopography: what can physical mementos tell us about digital memories?, Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, April 05-10, 2008, Florence, Italy
	Lena Mamykina , Elizabeth Mynatt , Patricia Davidson , Daniel Greenblatt, MAHI: investigation of social scaffolding for reflective thinking in diabetes management, Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, April 05-10, 2008, Florence, Italy
	Max Van Kleek , Michael Bernstein , David R. Karger , mc schraefel, Gui --- phooey!: the case for text input, Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, October 07-10, 2007, Newport, Rhode Island, USA